How to Tame the Process of Report Writing

Each form of writing has its challenges. Report writing is not an exception. The process of report writing is a long and hard one, but with practice and confidence, it becomes much easier. In order to write a good report, there are certain skills you must master. We will discuss these skills, plus the steps of report writing, to help you become more professional in this stuff. First and foremost, you need to understand the layout of a report in order to go through the process of writing one. Start with a Title Maybe obvious, but it is an important first step. Make up a title that will impress your audience. Move on to a Summary A summary of the major points of the report will give your readers a good idea of what they are dealing with in your paper. Next, the Introduction Why is the report important? What is the purpose? Answer these questions and hit the main ideas that you will be covering in the rest of your report paper. After the Introduction Comes the Body This is the meat of the report. Here you will go over your findings. Do a profound research and choose what to dwell upon in your paper. Push through to the Conclusion Tie everything nicely together in this part of the report. You can give your interpretations of your findings, discuss the next steps needed, and raise any questions that still need to be explored. Include Appendices If Necessary Longer reports need them, shorter ones don’t. Decide what is the best for you and the specific requirements of your class. Now that you know the layout of what the report should look like, you can begin the process of writing the one on your own. Other important considerations are the tone of writing that should be used when writing a report. A report should be: Formal; Clear; Structured; Accurate; How to Get Started Before you even begin writing, you need to prepare. Do some brainstorming and think about your audience and the report’s purpose. All of these types of things will help you craft a report worthy of reading. Next, plan and research. Gather the information you need from various credible sources, compile them together, decide what is most useful and what can be discarded, and begin structuring your report. After that, the next step is to start writing it out. Writing the Report When you begin to write your report, it is best to take it in stages. Report writing is not easy, and it is a big undertaking. You will need to take breaks, but try to take short ones so that your mind will easily pick up from where it left off. Since there are obvious and labeled sections, you can start writing the section you feel comfortable with and jump around to others. The order you write the paper is entirely up to you. Final Touches Don’t forget to edit and revise your report before handing in the final draft! Following these tips, you will easily create a strong piece that touches everyone. If you face any troubles dealing with your report, look these points through and handle the procedure effortlessly.

Essay on Japans Suicide Epidemic - 1098 Words

For the last decade, Japan has been facing an epidemic of suicides. The reasons why the Japanese people commit suicide are numerous and the Japanese government is struggling to slow this sweeping trend while having only limited success. Japan’s suicide rate is one of the highest rates among industrialized countries, sitting currently at 51 per 100,000 people per year (WHO). With an average of one suicide every fifteen minutes in Japan, a complete societal change must occur for the epidemic of suicide to be reduced. In the late 1990’s, Japan’s economy went into a recession and the country’s suicide rate jumped from 24,000 to over 30,000 per year, and has stubbornly stayed at that rate since 1998 with no indication of declining†¦show more content†¦These websites even offer printable signs that warn others that the gas is being created. Another factor in the high rates can be attributed to the Japanese religious beliefs and traditions. The two main Japanese religions, Shinto and Buddhism, are more permissive of suicide than the beliefs of Christianity and Judaism religions. During World War II, kamikaze fighter pilots would rig their own airplanes with explosives and dive-bomb the enemy. The samurai tradition views suicide as a noble act and samurai warriors were famous for their willingness to eviscerate themselves. Self-inflicted deaths in Japan are not limited to adults. Japanese people between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four perform suicides because of school-yard bullying and the stresses of living up to the high standard of performance that is required of them. Bruce Feiler, an American English teacher who lived and taught in a Japanese high school for two years wrote a book about his experiences in Japan titled, Learning To Bow: Inside The Heart of Japan. In that book he writes, â€Å"schools generate a high level of stress in the form of pressure to conform and comply with the rules [and] students take out their anxiety on one another in the form of teasing, taunting, or bullying†(246). The victim, as Feiler putsShow MoreRelatedThe Moral Code Of The Middle East928 Words   |  4 Pagesand society in the grand scheme of things; our view points are considered radical by some countries and we are by no means setting a moral standard for the other nations. This essay will work to define morals: America’s definition, Nazi Germany and Japan’s moral code, and moral’s place in the Middle East. The dictionary’s definition of moral reads, â€Å"principles or rules of right conduct or the distinction between right and wrong; ethi cal.† (â€Å"Moral† Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 07-03-2016)Read MoreEmbracing Defeat, By John Dower1418 Words   |  6 Pages Embracing Defeat John Dower’s Embracing Defeat is a thorough analysis of Japan’s aftermath of defeat, encompassing in great detail the culture and history of Japan following the end of World War II. Dower shows great interest in the impact of a critical unconditional surrender and the transformation of culture, economy, and policy that came with America’s military occupation and its unabashed democratizing agenda. Through the book, Dower â€Å"tried to capture a sense of what it meant to start overRead MoreJapan: a Persuasive Research Paper3109 Words   |  13 Pagesextreme cases, which happen relatively often, can lead to suicide. Suicide in Japan has become a significant problem naturally. In 2007, suicides due to losing jobs surged 65.3 % while those attributed to hardships in life rose 34.3 %. Depression remained at the top of the list of causes, rising 7.1 % from the year before. The rapid increase in suicides since the 1990s has raised concerns around the world. Japan h as one of the world’s highest suicide rates, especially amongst industrialized nations, andRead MoreJeanne Harley Guillemin on Biological Weapons3027 Words   |  12 Pagesthe history of anthrax and other microbes were developed and synthesized into weapons over the past 20th century, which could result in possible bioterrorism. She then became interested and involved in the 2001 anthrax letter attacks after the 2008 suicide of the of the prime suspect to the FBI-an anthrax scientist employee at Unites States Army at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Her third book, American Anthrax: Fear, Crime, and the Investigation of the Nation’s Deadliest Bioterror Attack, is about the lettersRead MoreGun Homicides And Mass Shootings Have Taken The Spotlight1780 Words   |  8 Pagesthe New York Times and therefore dampers their reliability. This global epidemic needs a well-structured solution that can only be reached through extensive and honest research. Several countries around the world such as Japan have systematically been able to make gun control an effective life-saving method. In 1958, Japan passed a law that stated, â€Å"No one shall possess a firearm or firearms or a sword or swords.† Japan’s essential zero-tolerance law has kept the amount of deaths due to gun violenceRead MoreThe Greatest Horrors Of Wwii2314 Words   |  10 Pagesdevelop effective biological weapons that would aid Japan in war. Unit 731 conducted research on: anthrax, botulism, brucellosis, carbon monoxide, cholera, dysentery, glanders, meningococcus, mustard gas, plague, plague epidemic, poisoning, salmonella, songo, smallpox, streptococcus, suicide, tetanus, tick encephalitis, tsutsugamushi, tuberculosis, typhoid, typhus, and vaccination. Fearing eventual war with Russia, the Japanese also conducted extensive frostbite research during the winter. The JapaneseRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesworld and made for major advances in medicine and health care were very often offset by the degradation of the global environment and massive spurts in excessive mortality brought on by warfare, famine, periodic genocidal onslaughts, and worldwide epidemics. In no previous epoch of history was war so vilified and peace so consciously pursued through the establishment of international organizations and diplomatic exchanges. 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By then Italy’s population, for instance—now 60 million—might be down to 20 or 22 million; Japan’s population—now 125 million—might be down to 50 or 55 million. But even in Western and Northern Europe the birthrates are down to 1.5 and falling. But in the United States, too, theRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesInternal Collaboration Is Bad for Your Company,† Harvard Business Review (April 2009), pp. 82–88; D. Kahneman, D. Lovallo, and O. Sibony, â€Å"Before You Make that Big Decision,† Harvard Business Review (June 2011), pp. 50–60; and E. Klein, â€Å"Washington’s Suicide Pact† Newsweek (March 21, 2011), www.newsweek.com. CASE INCIDENT 2 Herd Behavior and the Housing Bubble (and Collapse) whether the current valuations of social networking sites are following a similar trend of overpricing. Yale Economist Robert

Asset Classes Calculation

Question: Calculate the Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean, Standard deviation of four different asset classes. Answer: Introduction This assignment is fully consisting of calculating the Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean, Standard deviation of four different asset classes. It also shows the risk return characteristics of these different classes of assets in the portfolio. This assignment also shows the effect of fiscal and Referencingonetary policy in the economic condition as well as the factors that determines the sensitivity of the firms earnings on the business cycle. this assignment also consist of calculation based on the black scholes model, difference between futures and options, calculation of daily market to market settlements and measuring the performance of the portfolio using the various methods such as Sharpe, Treynor method, Jeanson Alpha. a) Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean and Standard Deviation of returns of four asset classes Arithmetic mean can be defined as the measure of central tendency of the sample which can be computed by dividing the total of the data in the table by the number of data in the table. It is actually the average of the given data. Geometric mean can be defined as the nth root of the product n, which is much different from that of the arithmetic mean. Standard deviation () can be defined as the measure which is usually used for quantifying the sum of deviation. If the value of standard deviation is low it means that the actual value is very close to the expected value but if the value of standard deviation is high it represents that the actual value is far away from the expected value. For Australian shares mean 7.147619 G.Mean 11.67384 S.D 18.74643 For Australian Bonds mean 6.714286 G.Mean 6.474475 S.D 1.979719 For Cash Rates mean 6.157143 G.Mean 5.832839 S.D 2.441223 For international shares mean 5.847619 G.Mean 15.76595 S.D 19.01293 From the calculation it has been seen that the arithmetic mean of the Australian shares, Australian bonds, cash rates and international shares are 7.147619, 6.714286, 6.157143, and 5.847619 respectively. The arithmetic mean is highest in Australian bonds and lowest in international shares. The geometric mean of the Australian shares, Australian bonds, cash rates and international shares are 11.67384, 6.474475, 5.832839, and 15.76595 respectively. The geometric mean is highest in international bonds and lowest in cash rates. The standard deviation of Australian shares, Australian bonds, cash rates and international shares are 18.74643, 1.979719, 2.441223, and 19.01293 respectively. The standard deviation is highest in international shares which mean that the actual value is far away from the expected value and the lowest value is Australian bonds which mean that the actual value is very close to the actual value. B finding the efficient frontier and CAL values of three as well as four assets Bordered Covariance Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) Australian Bonds % return Cash Rate % average return Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) 334.6939 -3.3483 -13.3961 Australian Bonds % return -3.3483 3.732653 3.422517 Cash Rate % average return -13.3961 3.422517 5.675782 Correlation Matrices Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) Australian Bonds % return Cash Rate % average return Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) 1 -0.09473 -0.30735 Australian Bonds % return -0.09473 1 0.743574 Cash Rate % average return -0.30735 0.743574 1 expected weight 0.34762075 sd 4.45434258 sharp -1.4126393 cal -0.0317138 For four assets Bordered Covariance Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) Australian Bonds % return Cash Rate % average return International Shares % return Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) 4.111105 0.170998 0.067995 1.734405 Australian Bonds % return 0.170998 0.051819 -0.00797 0.104407 Cash Rate % average return 0.067995 -0.00797 0.050475 0.141441 International Shares % return 1.734405 0.104407 0.141441 4.584085 Correlation Matrices Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) Australian Bonds % return Cash Rate % average return International Shares % return Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) 1 0.370482 0.149265 0.399526 Australian Bonds % return 0.370482 1 -0.15574 0.21422 Cash Rate % average return 0.149265 -0.15574 1 0.294044 International Shares % return 0.399526 0.21422 0.294044 1 expected weight 1.070197 sd 0.908985 sharp -6.1275 cal -0.6741 The investments that are made by the individuals are broadly classified into two broad heads such as growth assets and defensive assets. Growth assets are those assets which are mainly planned for the growth of the investment of the individuals. These investments include shares, property, substitute investments etc. defensive assets are those assets which comprises of the investment in cash and fixed interest. These assets have lower risk as a result of which it generates lower return. For the growth assets, higher risk will indicate higher return where as for defensive assets; lower risk will indicate lower return ("Asset classes explained", 2016). For the shares which indicates the ownership of the individual in the company, the return of which comes from the increase or decrease in the share price as well as the dividend received by the shareholders out of the profits of the company. For the cash which is a defensive asset, the return comes from the interest rates on the money which is deposited in the bank as from the short term money market securities. For the bonds which is also a defensive assets the return comes from the interest on the amount of the loan as well as the increase and decrease in the value of the underlying securities. c) Influence of fiscal and monetary policy on economy During 1930s, there was an immense depression which has influenced the political and economic thoughts of the country. The economic stability is generally been preferred by the house holds during short run, which allows them to continue steady consumption with the help of continuous service stable income. Whereas, growth can be reduced due to unnecessary fluctuations in the economic conditions during long run. Fiscal policy is a short of decision of the government about the expenditure as well as the taxing. When the government is willing to increase the expansion in the economy then the government will have to increase the expenditure on goods and services. As a result the demand for goods and services gets increased. On the other hand, if the economy is growing rapidly as per the government then the government can curtail down its expenditure. If the government reduces its expenditure the demand prevailing in the economy will also gets decreased. Payment of tax to the government is another side of the fiscal policy. If the tax rates get reduced it indicates that it will motivate to increase the growth in the economy (Auerbach, 2003). Some economists think that there will be a crowding out effect in the economy due to the expenditure incurred by the government and reduction in tax rates. The government will have to lend money if the sufficient amount is not available with the government for doing expenditure. As per the economist, government lending increases the interest rates which in turn dishearten the individual for the investment. Economist thinks that expenditure incurred by the government may crowd out the investment done by the individual as well as the business. Again if the government wants to reduce the economy from overheating then it can increase the tax rates. This will result in the less spending of money, little number of people will be hired and ultimately the economy will slow down Monetary policy is a kind of decision that the government takes for the supply of money as well as interest rates. Therefore the monetary policy plays an important role in controlling the growth of the economy via various channels. The stability of the price can be maintained which helps in sustainable growth in the economy (Fender, 2012). Constant boost in the price level is used as an effective tool by the monetary policy to control the supply of money in maintaining stability of price during the medium to long term. In other way it can be said that economic performance is getting damaged due to high inflation in long run. Expectations about the economic activities and the inflation rates are highly influenced by the monetary policy which in turn affects the prices of assets and commodities, consumption, exchange rates and investments. Financing situation of the economy is also affected by the monetary policy of the country (Mankiw, 2002). The decision taken in the monetary policy helps to reduce the interest rates which at last results in the increase in the investments and buying of consumable products also get increased. When the low interest rates are prevailing in the market, it becomes more attractive to purchase the stocks as well as the low interest rates may cause depreciation in the currency. Thus it may be seen that the output may be increased due to the various combination of above mentioned factors (Persson, 2000) Three main factors determining the sensitivity of firms income on business cycle Most of the times it has been seen that the economy of the country faces well as well as a bad situation. This phase of depression as well as improvement is commonly known as business cycle. Though economy of the country faces various stages of the cycle of the business, therefore, it has been noticed that the relative performance will expected to vary from industry to industry. It has been seen that cyclic industries performs very well during improvement phase where as the defensive industries smash up other industries during depression phase. Once the economist analyse the state of economy prevailing in the country, then it becomes mandatory to determine the sensitivity of the firms earnings on business cycle. The factors are as follows:- Sensitivity to sales:- Necessary items like foods, medicine etc will have a very low sensitivity in relation to the business conditions. On the other hand, transportation, machine tools etc have high sensitivity in relation to sales. Operating leverage:- It shows the separation between the variable cost as well as the fixed cost. A firm with greater amount of variable cost as compared to fixed cost will be termed as not as much sensitive to business conditions. On the other hand, the firm having higher amount of fixed cost will move to and fro more extensively with sales. Financial leverage:- The payment of interest on debt have to be paid in spite of higher amount of sales. The payment of interest causes drainage of profit. As the payment of interest is treated as fixed cost which results in the increasing the sensitivity of profit to business conditions. d) Black-Scholes model The black schole model is a model which is used for pricing the European options as well as the derivatives. It is basically the option pricing model which helps in the determination of value for call or put options. The Black-Scholes formula is used to calculate the current value of a European call option on a stock which pays no dividends before expiration of the option (Birge and Linetsky, 2008). The formula of this model is as follows:- The detailed of the calculation are as follows:- s 39 t 0.5 sigma 0.3 r 0.053 x 35 d1 0.296598 d1 0.084466 call options 21.68393 e) Calculation of daily market to market settlements on the basis of long position of the future contracts Maintenance margin = 5% of ($1197.90*100) = $5989.5 Initial margin = 10% of ($1197.90*100) = $11979 Days Future Price Profit or loss Initial Margin Maintenance Margin Margin call Value 8.02.16 $119,790 $80 $11,979 $5,989.50 - $80 9.02.16 $119,870 ($400) - - - $80-$400= ($320) 10.02.16 $119,470 $5,320 - - $5989.50-$4910 = $1079.5 ($320)+$5230= $4910+$1079.5 = $5989.5 11.02.16 $124,790 ($880) - - $5989.50 - $5109.5 = $880 $5989.5 + ($880) = $5109.5 + $880 = $5989.5 12.02.16 $123,910 $0 - - - $5989.5+$0 = $5989.5 15.02.16 $123,910 ($3,120) - - $5989.5 - $2869.5 = $3120 $5989.5+($3120)= $2869.5 + $3120 = $5989.5 16.02.16 $120,790 $320 - - - $5989.5+$320 = $6309.5 17.02.16 $121,110 $1,500 - - - $6309.5+$1500 = $7809.5 18.02.16 $122,610 $430 - - - $7809.5+$430 = $8239.5 19.02.16 $123,040 ($2,090) - - - $8239.5+ ($2090)= $6149.5 22.02.16 $120,950 $0 - - - $6149.5+$0 = $6149.5 Difference between futures and options In option the buyer has the right to purchase the shares but the purchaser does not have the obligation. As a purchaser he or she has the right to choose the call option or put option but as the seller of the option he or she has only obligation. There are two types of options such as call option as well as put option. Future can be defined as the contract between the two parties for purchasing and selling specific assets at a certain time in future at a certain rate. Buyer and seller both has the obligation in completing the contract at a certain price and at a certain date in future. On the other hand in option, the buyer can opt for completion of contract but he or she is not bound to complete the option where the seller is bound to sell the contract. In future there is a specified date within which the contract must be completed. But in options the contract can be completed in any time before the contract expires. The most important difference between future and option is that op tion can be exercised before maturity where as the future is exercised after maturity(Neftci, 2004). f) Evaluation using the Treynor measure, Sharpe ratio, Jensens alpha Sharpe ratio is mainly build by William F. Sharpe which can be defined as the ratio of portfolio return reduced by the risk free rate of return whole divided by standard deviation (Brentani, 2004). The main objective of sharpe measure is to point out how well the equity investments are performing in comparison to the risk free rate of return. The purpose of calculating the sharpe ratio is to focus on how the individual is getting greater return after accepting the greater risk which is the inbuilt feature of the equity investment in comparison to risk free rate of investment. Speared ratio for fund portfolio = (12-5.5)/33 =0.196 =19.6% Speared ratio for market portfolio = (8-5.5)/25 =0.1 =10% Treynor ratio is mainly developed by the Jack L. Treynor which measures the return earned over and above the actual earnings. The Treynor ratio focuses on the evaluation of return of the investment comprising of the risk portfolio. Treynor basically focuses on how efficiently the portfolio is performing in the equity market. Treynor ratio for fund portfolio = (12-5.5)/1.15 =5.652 = 562.2% Treynor ratio for market portfolio = (8.5.5)/1. =2.5 =250% Jeanson alpha measure is the performance measure which shows the risk associated with the assets and is calculated with the help of the capital asset pricing model. It is also used to determine the excess return on the investment by using the capital asset pricing model. Security market line is used as the benchmark in this measure. The main purpose of this model is to reduce the value of beta so that there is an expectation of having the higher return on the risky assets. Choosing the market index is the important point in this measure as the market portfolio is measured with the performance of the portfolio. Alpha=12-(5.5+1.15( 8-5.5) =3.625 Referencing Auerbach, A. (2003)Fiscal policy. 2nd edition. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Birge, J. Linetsky, V. (2008)Financial engineering. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Brentani, C. (2004)Portfolio management in practice. Oxford [England]: Burlington, MA. Cooper, R. et al. (1998)Portfolio management for new products. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Fender, J. (2012)Monetary policy. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Mankiw, N. (2002)Monetary policy. 2nd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Neftci, S. (2004)Principles of financial engineering. San Diego, Calif.: Elsevier Academic Press. Persson, T. (2000)Monetary and fiscal policy. 2nd edition. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Auditing and Ethics Independent Operation

Question: Discuss about the Auditing and Ethics Independent Operation. Answer: Introduction The major responsibility of the auditors is to find out that if there is any materials misstatement in the accounting operations of the audited organization. There are some responsibilities of the auditors. They need to be ethical and honest at the time of audit operation (Louwers et al., 2013). In this regard, Accounting Professional Ethical Standards Board Limited (APESB) has issued the APES 110 article that states the responsibility of the auditors. On the other hand, this article also includes the details of threats that an auditor can face and its safeguards (apesb.org.au 2016). Potential Threats The given case study contains information about Fellowes and Associates. Fellowes and Associates is an audit firm that has conducted the audit operation of Health Care Holding Group (HCHG) for the year of 2014. According to the details given in the case, it has been seen that one of the account associate of Fellowes and Associates has purchased the some shares of HCHG group. This action of the account associate of Fellowes and Associates has created some potential threats for the independence of Fellowes and Associates. It has been stated in APES 110 that an auditor cannot posses any kind of financial interest in the properties of the audit client. When this type of incident happens, it is considered as the Self-Interest Threat of the auditors (Svanberg hman, 2013). It can be seen in the case that the account associate of Fellowes and Associates has direct financial interest in HCHG as it has acquired the shares of the audit client. Hence, this situation created the Self-Interest Th reat for Fellowes and Associates (Bosse Phillips, 2016). This is considered as one type of crime in the audit profession as it can influence the decisions of the auditors. It is considered as one of the significant threats in audit as there are very few safeguards are available. The second situation indicates that Fellowes and Associates have valued the intellectual properties of HCHG on 1 March 2014 that is worth 30 million. Another important factor is that the intellectual properties are shown as material to HCHG. On 30 June 2014, the consolidated balance sheet of HCHG includes that same amount of intellectual property. This act of Fellowes and Associates has created a possible threat for Fellowes and Associates. As per the rules and regulations of Fellowes and Associates, an auditor needs to appropriately evaluate the results of previous judgment made by another audit partner. This process demands the revaluation of various assets of the audit client. When the auditors fail to do this, it creates the Self- Review Threat (Ojo, 2015). In the case of second situation, the auditors of Fellowes and Associates have taken the same amount of the intellectual properties on 30 June 2014. However, as per the rules of APES 110, the auditors need to revaluate the inte llectual properties. Hence, this act of Fellowes and Associates has created the Self-Review Threat for the audit firm. This threat is considered as a major offence in audit profession (Dobler, 2014). Safeguards According to the first situation, the activity of one of the audit associates of Fellowes and Associates has created the threat of Self-interest. This type of threat is occurred when any member of the audit team has financial interest in the property of the audit client. In this particular incident, the corrective action will be to replace that particular account associate with another one. This only corrective action can be taken. However, some safeguards can be adopted to avoid this kind of situations. First, some policies and procedures need to be implemented that will help the organization to identify the staffs having financial interest in the properties of the audit client. Second, the non-audit services to the audit clients need to be minimized in order to prevent this. Last but not the least, there needs to be effective policies and principle that will prohibit the audit employees to establish financial relationship with the audit clients (Tahir, Idris Ariffin, 2014). The second situation indicates that there is a Self-review threat by the wrong evaluation of the intellectual properties of HCHG. The rule states that other auditors must evaluate the valuation of assets. In the case of Fellowes and Associates, the only safeguards available are that the valuation of the intellectual properties needs to be evaluated by another audit team. There are some safeguards available to prevent this kind of incidents. First, it is necessary to minimize to provide non audit services to audit clients. Second, it needs to be made sure that the audit client takes decisions based on non-audit services on their own responsibility. Third, there should be a cooling off-period time before a senior auditor takes the responsibility of the audit operations. These safeguards can be taken to avoid these kinds of situation (Lawson, Spencer Turek, 2016). Conclusion As per the above discussion, it can be seen that the auditors need to maintain the rules and regulations of APES 110 at the time of audit operation. The above report states that there are major two kinds of threats in the audit operation. They are self-interest threat and self-review threat. These two are the major threats that have minimum number of safeguards. However, corrective measures are available to reduce these threats. On the other hand, APES 110 provides some safeguards that can be used to reduce the chance of the occurrence of these threats. References APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. (2016).apesb.org.au. Retrieved 29 December 2016, from https://www.apesb.org.au/uploads/standards/apesb_standards/standard1.pdf Bosse, D. A., Phillips, R. A. (2016). Agency theory and bounded self-interest.Academy of Management Review,41(2), 276-297. Dobler, M. (2014). Auditor-provided non-audit services in listed and private family firms.Managerial Auditing Journal,29(5), 427-454. Lawson, B. P., Spencer, A. W., Turek, M. (2016). Developments in Ethics Guidelines for CPAs.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,27(6), 63-71. Louwers, T. J., Ramsay, R. J., Sinason, D. H., Strawser, J. R., Thibodeau, J. C. (2013).Auditing and assurance services. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Ojo, M. (2015). Audits, audit quality and signalling mechanisms: concentrated ownership structures.American Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences,1(2). Svanberg, J., hman, P. (2013). Auditors' time pressure: does ethical culture support audit quality?.Managerial Auditing Journal,28(7), 572-591. Tahir, F. A., Idris, K. M., Ariffin, Z. Z. (2014). Dimensions of Auditor Independence: A Pilot Study.International Journal of Business and Management,9(6), 72.